A short PDF on respiratory histology

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The respiratory system is a body system made up branching system of tubes and the lungs 
responsible for the exchange of respiratory gas between the body and the atmosphere. The 
respiratory tract can be divided anatomically and functionality. 
a. Anatomically: into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. 
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal 
sinuses, the Pharynx, and is the portion of the larynx above the vocal cords 
(glottis), cricoid cartilage and sternal angle. The lower respiratory tract is 
derived from the foregut includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal 
cords, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The lungs can be included in the lower 
respiratory tract or as separate entity and include the respiratory bronchioles, 
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
b. Functionally: into conducting part and respiratory part. 
The conducting part is the part through which air passes and enters the lung. It 
includes the nasal cavity, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and terminal
bronchioles. They function as to filter, warm and moisten air as it is conducted 
through them. 
The respiratory portion is where gaseous exchange occurs; it includes the 
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. 
THE CONDUCTING PART 
THE PHARYNX: This is a fibromuscular organ located behind the nasal cavity and mouth, above 
the esophagus and larynx. It begins at the nose and ends at the esophagus. The Pharynx has 3 
parts which are nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. 
NASOPHARYNX: It is the uppermost part if the Pharynx and extends from the base of the 
skull to the soft palate. It consists of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids). 
It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which contains goblet cells 
(mucus secreting cells).
OROPHARYNX: It is located behind the oral cavity. It is the middle part that extends from 
the uvula (fleshy appendage that closes the nasopharynx) to the head of the hyoid bone
(group of bones supporting the tongue). Its connective tissue consists of mucous glands, 
palatine tonsil and lingual tonsils. It is lined with non-keratinized squamous stratified 
epithelium. 
LARYNYGOPHARYNX OR HYPOPHARYNX: This is the lowest part of the Pharynx located 
behind the larynx. It consists of pharyngeal, lingual and palatine tonsils arranged in a 
circular form waldeyers ring or rim of lymphoid tissue. 
It serves as passageway for food and air and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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